Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (A.S.)

Zahoor aur parwarish

Imam Ali ka zahoor Makkah mein Abu Talib aur Fatima bint Asad ke ghar hua. Shia Isna Ashari riwayat, aur Hakim Neshapuri jaise Sunni musannifeen, naql karte hain ke aap ka zahoor 13 Rajab ko Aam-ul-Feel ke teeswein saal Kaaba ke andar hua. Ek tangi ke daur mein Rasool-e-Akram Imam Ali ko bachpan mein apne ghar le aaye, aur aap ne Rasool-e-Akram ke pehlu mein parwarish payi.

Aap sab se pehle imaan lane walon mein the — Shia nazariye ke mutabiq pehle mard — aur Banu Hashim ke us ijtima mein, jab Rasool-e-Akram ko apne rishtedaron ko daraane ka hukm hua tha, sirf aap ne apni himayat pesh ki.

Madina mein

Hijrat ki raat aap apni jaan khatre mein daal kar Rasool-e-Akram ke bistar par soe taake Rasool-e-Akram kisi ki nazar mein aaye baghair nikal saken, aur baad mein Rasool-e-Akram ke ghar walon aur amanaton ko baheefazat Madina pohanchaya. Rasool-e-Akram ne bhai-chare ke muahide mein aap ko apna bhai chuna aur apni beti Syeda Fatima ka nikah aap se kiya.

Aap ne kai muhimmaat mein alam uthaya aur khaas taur par Badr, Uhud aur Khandaq mein apne kirdar ke liye yaad kiye jate hain — Khandaq mein aap ne Amr bin Abd-e-Wud ka dast-ba-dast muqabla kiya — aur Khaibar mein, jahan Rasool-e-Akram ne farmaya ke woh alam aise mard ko denge jo Allah aur us ke Rasool se mohabbat karta hai aur jis se Allah aur us ka Rasool mohabbat karte hain. Jab Tabook ki muhim ke dauran Rasool-e-Akram ne aap ko Madina ka nigran banaya to aap se farmaya ke aap ki nisbat un se wahi hai jo Haroon ki Moosa se thi, siwaye is ke ke un ke baad koi nabi nahin hoga.

10 Hijri mein Ghadeer-e-Khum mein Rasool-e-Akram ne aap ko un sab ka maula qarar diya jo Rasool-e-Akram ko apna maula mante the.

Pachchees saal

Rasool-e-Akram ki rehlat ke baad ummat ne Abu Bakr, phir Umar aur phir Usman ki bai'at ki. Imam Ali ka mauqif tha ke qayadat un ka haq hai, magar nau-khez ummat ko bachane ke liye aap ne musallah tasadum se gurez kiya. In saalon mein aap se fiqhi masail mein mashwara kiya jata tha, aap ne Quran jama kiya aur us ki taleem di, aur Madina ke ghareebon ki dekh-bhaal ki; aap ke bohat se faisle Shia aur Sunni maakhaz mein mehfooz hain.

Khilafat (35–40 Hijri)

35 Hijri mein Usman ke qatl ke baad Madina ke logon ne Imam Ali par khilafat qabool karne ke liye israr kiya. Aap ne tezi se baitul-maal ki barabar taqseem bahal ki aur un governoron ko tabdeel kiya jinhein aap ghair-adil samajhte the. Aap ke daur-e-hukoomat mein teen khana-jangiyan hueen: Jang-e-Jamal (36 Hijri), Muawiya ke khilaf Siffeen (37 Hijri), jo tahkeem par khatam hui, aur Nahrawan (38 Hijri) un Khawarij ke khilaf jinhon ne us tahkeem ko radd kar diya tha.

Malik-e-Ashtar ko Misr ka governor muqarrar karte waqt likha gaya aap ka khat (Nahj-ul-Balagha mein Khat 53) Islami fikr mein adil hukoomat par sab se zyada mutala kiye jane wale matn mein se ek hai.

Shahadat

19 Ramazan 40 Hijri ki subah, jab aap Kufa ki masjid mein namaz ki imamat kar rahe the, Khariji Abdur Rehman ibn Muljam ne aap par zehar-aalood talwar se waar kiya. Do din baad, 21 Ramazan ko, tirsath saal ki umr mein aap ne wafat payi. Aap ke beton ne aap ko Kufa ke bahar us jagah dafn kiya jo baad mein Najaf bani; yeh maqam kai saal tak poshida rakha gaya aur baad mein aap ki nasl ke Aimma ke zariye zahir kiya gaya.

Taleemaat aur Nahj-ul-Balagha

Imam Ali ki taleemaat mein ilm, ibadat, duniya se be-raghbati aur adl ke saath ghair-mutazalzal wabastagi yakja hain. Chauthi sadi Hijri ke aakhir mein Sharif Razi ne aap ke khutbat, khutoot aur aqwal ka intikhab Nahj-ul-Balagha (“Balaghat ki Choti”) ke naam se jama kiya. Kuchh logon ne is ki sehat par sawal uthaye hain, lekin jadeed tehqeeq ne is ke bohat se hisson ka suragh Sharif Razi se pehle ki kitabon mein lagaya hai.

Woh dua jo aap ne apne saathi Kumail bin Ziyad ko sikhai, yaani Dua-e-Kumail, Shia har jumeraat ki raat (shab-e-juma) parhte hain.

Shia Isna Ashari aqeede aur Fiqh-e-Jafariya mein ahmiyat

Aap pehle Imam aur Rasool-e-Akram ke namzad jaanasheen (wasi) hain. Aap ki wilayat — yaani Allah ki ata karda ikhtiyar aur sarparasti — par imaan Shia Isna Ashari aqeede ka ek sutoon hai. Bohat se Shia azaan mein aap ki wilayat ki gawahi shamil karte hain; fuqaha zor dete hain ke yeh azaan ka wajib hissa nahin. Aap ke faisle aur ahkam us Sunnat ka hissa hain jis par Fiqh-e-Jafariya ki bunyad hai.

Aham tareekhein

1. 13 Rajab, Aam-ul-Feel ka 30wan saal (taqreeban 600 Eesvi)Kaaba ke andar zahoor
2. taqreeban 610 EesviBachpan mein Islam qabool karna
3. 1 Hijri (622 Eesvi)Hijrat ki raat Rasool-e-Akram ke bistar par (Lailat-ul-Mabeet)
4. 2 HijriSyeda Fatima Zahra se nikah; Jang-e-Badr
5. 5 HijriKhandaq mein dast-ba-dast muqabla
6. 7 HijriKhaibar
7. 18 Zil-Hajj 10 HijriGhadeer-e-Khum mein elaan
8. 11 Hijri (632 Eesvi)Aap ki Imamat ka aaghaz
9. Zil-Hajj 35 Hijri (656 Eesvi)Bataur khalifa bai'at
10. 36 Hijri (656 Eesvi)Jang-e-Jamal
11. 37 Hijri (657 Eesvi)Jang-e-Siffeen
12. 38 Hijri (658 Eesvi)Jang-e-Nahrawan
13. 19 Ramazan 40 HijriKufa ki masjid mein zarbat
14. 21 Ramazan 40 Hijri (661 Eesvi)Shahadat; Najaf mein tadfeen

Riwayaat o nusoos

Riwayaat ehtiyat se mafhoom ki soorat mein bayan ki gayi hain, lafzi tarjume ke taur par nahin. Dekhiye: Idarti Tareeqa-e-Kaar

Mukhtalif riwayaat

• Kuchh moarrikheen Kaaba ke andar zahoor ki riwayat par sawal uthate hain; yeh Shia maakhaz mein wasee pemane par naql hui hai aur baaz Sunni musannifeen ne bhi ise qabool kiya hai, jin mein Hakim Neshapuri shamil hain.
• Islam qabool karte waqt aap ki umr ke baare mein riwayaat mukhtalif hain (aam taur par taqreeban das saal).
• Nahj-ul-Balagha ke infiradi hisson ki sehat par behes hoti hai; maakhaz ki tanqeedi tehqeeqaat in mein se bohat se hisson ka suragh pehle ki kitabon mein lagati hain.
• Deegar mahireen-e-nasab Imam Ali (A.S.) ki aulad ki tadaad aur naam mukhtalif batate hain.
• Ubaidullah: Shaikh Mufeed unhein shuhada-e-Karbala mein shumar karte hain, jabke deegar moarrikheen un ki wafat baad mein batate hain.

Hawala jaat

1. al-Kafi — al-Kulayni, Muhammad ibn Ya‘qub (mutawaffa 329 Hijri / 941 Esvi). Kitab al-Hujja, Bab Maulid Ameer-ul-Momineen
2. Kitab al-Irshad fi Ma‘rifat Hujaj Allah ‘ala al-‘Ibad — al-Mufid, Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Nu‘man (mutawaffa 413 Hijri / 1022 Esvi). Hissa awwal
3. Kitab al-Irshad: The Book of Guidance into the Lives of the Twelve Imams — al-Mufid
4. Nahj al-Balagha — al-Sharif al-Radi, Muhammad ibn al-Husayn (mutawaffa 406 Hijri / 1015 Esvi), murattib
5. al-Mustadrak ‘ala al-Sahihayn — al-Hakim al-Naysaburi, Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (mutawaffa 405 Hijri / 1014 Esvi)
6. Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk — al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (mutawaffa 310 Hijri / 923 Esvi). saal 35 se 40 Hijri
7. The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate — Madelung, Wilferd
8. Masadir Nahj al-Balagha wa Asaniduh — al-Husayni al-Khatib, Abd al-Zahra’
9. Bihar al-Anwar — al-Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir (mutawaffa 1110 Hijri / 1699 Esvi)
10. Maqatil al-Talibiyyin — Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, Ali ibn al-Husayn (mutawaffa 356 Hijri / 967 Esvi)