Fiqh-e-Jafariya — al-Fiqh al-Jafari — Shia Isna Ashari fiqh hai jo Imam Jafar Sadiq (A.S.) se mansoob hai. Yeh kutub khana batata hai ke yeh maktab kaise kaam karta hai. Yeh ahkaam jaari nahi karta: kisi bhi zaati sawal ke liye apne marja-e-taqleed ke shaya shuda ahkaam (risala-e-amaliya) ya un ke mujaz numainde se rujoo karein.
Shariat ke maakhaz
- Quran
- Allah ka kalaam, tamam ahkaam ka pehla maakhaz.
- Sunnat
- Masoomeen — Rasool-e-Akram, Fatima aur barah Aimma — ke aqwaal, afaal aur taqreeraat, jaisa ke motabar riwayaat mein manqool hain.
- Ijma
- Fuqaha ka ittefaq, jo us had tak hujjat hai jahan tak woh Masoom ki raye ko zaahir kare.
- Aql
- Aql ke qat‘i ahkaam, jo shariat ko samajhne aur us par amal karne ke liye istemal hote hain.
Kutub-e-Arba
al-Kafi
Kulaini (mutawaffa 329 Hijri) ki taleef: aqaid, akhlaq aur fiqh.
Hawala jaat: al-Kafi
Man La Yahzuruhu al-Faqih
Shaikh Saduq (mutawaffa 381 Hijri) ki taleef: fiqhi riwayaat.
Hawala jaat: Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih
Tahzeeb al-Ahkam
Shaikh Toosi (mutawaffa 460 Hijri) ki taleef: fiqhi riwayaat, sharah ke saath.
Hawala jaat: Tahdhib al-Ahkam
al-Istibsar
Shaikh Toosi ki taleef: bazahir mutaariz riwayaat mein tatbeeq.
Hawala jaat: al-Istibsar fima Ukhtulifa min al-Akhbar
Ijtihad aur taqleed
Ijtihad maakhaz se ahkaam ka mahirana istinbat hai, jis ke liye Arabi zaban, tafseer-e-Quran, hadees, raawiyon ki jaanch (rijal) aur usool-e-fiqh mein maharat darkar hai. Jo shakhs is darje tak pahunch jaye woh mujtahid hai.
Jo mujtahid nahi woh amali muamlaat mein kisi jame-ush-sharait zinda mujtahid ki pairvi (taqleed) karte hain — jaise koi kisi mustanad tabeeb ki baat maanta hai — ya ehtiyat par amal karte hain. Jin sab se zyada ilm wale fuqaha ki bohat se log pairvi karte hain unhein maraje-e-taqleed (wahid: marja) kaha jata hai. Har aik ahkaam ki kitaab shaya karta hai, aur maraje ke dafaatir barah-e-raast sawalaat ke jawab dete hain. Maraje ke ahkaam mein farq ho sakta hai; apne marja ke ahkaam par amal karein.
Maktab ki tashkeel karne wale fuqaha
- Shaikh Mufeed (mutawaffa 413 Hijri)
- Baghdad ke mutakallim aur faqeeh; Syed Murtaza aur Shaikh Toosi ke ustad.
- Syed Murtaza (mutawaffa 436 Hijri)
- Usool-e-fiqh aur ilm-e-kalaam ko munazzam kiya.
- Shaikh Toosi (mutawaffa 460 Hijri)
- Kutub-e-Arba mein se do ke muallif; 448 Hijri mein Najaf muntaqil hone ke baad wahan ke Hauza-e-Ilmiya ki bunyad ka sehra unhi ke sar hai.
- Muhaqqiq Hilli (mutawaffa 676 Hijri)
- Sharai al-Islam ke muallif, jo aik bunyadi fiqhi kitaab hai.
- Allama Hilli (mutawaffa 726 Hijri)
- Hadees ki darja-bandi aur taqabuli fiqh ko nikhara.
- Shaheed-e-Awwal (mutawaffa 786 Hijri) aur Shaheed-e-Saani (mutawaffa 965 Hijri)
- al-Lumaa al-Dimashqiya aur us ki sharah al-Rauza al-Bahiya ke muallifeen, jo aaj bhi hauzon mein parhayi jati hain.
- Shaikh Murtaza Ansari (mutawaffa 1281 Hijri)
- al-Rasail aur al-Makasib ke zariye usool-e-fiqh ko nayi shakl di.
- Akhund Khurasani (mutawaffa 1329 Hijri)
- Kifayat al-Usool ke muallif.
- Syed Muhammad Kazim Yazdi (mutawaffa 1337 Hijri)
- al-Urwa al-Wusqa ke muallif, woh bunyadi matan jis par baad ke bohat se maraje ne hawashi likhe.
Farhang-e-istilahaat
- Wajib
- Laazim.
- Mustahab
- Pasandeeda.
- Mubah
- Jaaiz.
- Makrooh
- Napasandeeda.
- Haraam
- Mamnoo.
- Ehtiyat
- Aisa amal karna jis se apne fareeze ki adaigi ka yaqeen ho jaye.
- Tahaarat / Najasat
- Shar‘i pakeezgi / shar‘i napaki.
- Khums
- Baaz qism ke maal par paanchwein hisse ka deeni haq, jo apne marja ke ahkaam ke mutabiq taqseem kiya jata hai.
- Risala-e-Amaliya
- Kisi marja ki shaya shuda amali ahkaam ki kitaab.
- Marja-e-Taqleed
- Woh mujtahid jis ke ahkaam ki ahl-e-imaan pairvi karte hain.
Is kutub khane ke baare mein aik wazahat
Yeh safha Fiqh-e-Jafariya ki saakht aur tareekh bayan karta hai. Yeh fatwa nahi hai aur kisi jame-ush-sharait faqeeh ke ahkaam ki jagah nahi leta. Jahan maraje ke darmiyan amal mein farq ho, woh ikhtilafaat haqeeqi hain aur maktab ke andar jaaiz hain.
Hawala jaat
- al-Kafi — al-Kulayni, Muhammad ibn Ya‘qub (mutawaffa 329 Hijri / 941 Esvi)
- Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih — al-Saduq, Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Babawayh al-Qummi (mutawaffa 381 Hijri / 991 Esvi)
- Tahdhib al-Ahkam — al-Tusi, Muhammad ibn al-Hasan (mutawaffa 460 Hijri / 1067 Esvi)
- al-Istibsar fima Ukhtulifa min al-Akhbar — al-Tusi (mutawaffa 460 Hijri / 1067 Esvi)
- Shara’i‘ al-Islam fi Masa’il al-Halal wa al-Haram — al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli, Ja‘far ibn al-Hasan (mutawaffa 676 Hijri / 1277 Esvi)
- al-Lum‘a al-Dimashqiyya — al-Shahid al-Awwal, Muhammad ibn Makki (mutawaffa 786 Hijri / 1384 Esvi)
- al-Rawda al-Bahiyya fi Sharh al-Lum‘a al-Dimashqiyya — al-Shahid al-Thani, Zayn al-Din al-‘Amili (mutawaffa 965 Hijri / 1558 Esvi)
- Fara’id al-Usul (al-Rasa’il) aur al-Makasib — al-Ansari, Shaykh Murtada (mutawaffa 1281 Hijri / 1864 Esvi)
- Kifayat al-Usul — al-Akhund al-Khurasani, Muhammad Kazim (mutawaffa 1329 Hijri / 1911 Esvi)
- al-‘Urwa al-Wuthqa — al-Yazdi, Sayyid Muhammad Kazim (mutawaffa 1337 Hijri / 1919 Esvi)
- An Introduction to Shi‘i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi‘ism — Momen, Moojan
- Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi‘ite Islam — Modarressi, Hossein