Idarti haisiyat: mustanad ulama ki nazar-e-saani ka muntazir masauda. Tasheeh ke liye rabta safha istemal karein.
Hazrat Muhammad ibn Abdullah (S.A.W.W.) ka zahoor Aam-ul-Feel mein Makkah mein hua, chalees saal ki umr mein aap par pehli wahi nazil hui aur aap ne teis saal tak Islam ka paigham pohanchaya. Tamam Musalmanon ke nazdeek aap Allah ke aakhri Rasool hain; Shia Isna Ashari ke nazdeek aap Chaudah Masoomeen mein se pehle bhi hain, jin ke Ahl-e-Bait aur namzad jaanasheen aap ki hidayat ko aage le kar chalte hain.
Tareekhi pas-e-manzar
Chhati sadi ke aakhir mein Makkah ek tijarati shehar tha jo Kaaba ke gird aabad tha — woh haram jise Musalman Ibrahim aur Ismail se mansoob karte hain. Is par Quraish ke khandanon ki hukoomat thi, jin ki daulat qaflon se aur un zaireen se aati thi jo haram ke buton ki ziyarat ko aate the. Arab se bahar Bazantini aur Sasani saltanatein taveel jangon mein ek doosre ko nidhaal kar rahi thin.
Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W.W.) ka taalluq Quraish ke ek mohtaram magar ghair-maaldar khandan Banu Hashim se tha. Aap ke walid Abdullah aap ke zahoor se pehle wafat pa gaye, aur walida Amina us waqt jab aap taqreeban chhe saal ke the. Aap ki parwarish pehle aap ke dada Abdul Muttalib ne ki aur phir taqreeban aath saal ki umr se aap ke chacha Abu Talib ne — jo Imam Ali (A.S.) ke walid the.
Besat se pehle
Jawani mein aap Makkah mein al-Amin, yaani “amanatdar”, ke naam se mashhoor hue. Aap ne tijarati qaflon ke saath safar kiya aur Quraish ki ek mohtaram tajira Khadija bint Khuwailid se nikah kiya, jo aap ki sab se pehli aur sab se qareebi hami baneen. Aap tanhai mein ghaur-o-fikr ki taraf mail the aur baqaidagi se Makkah ke bahar ek pahar par Ghar-e-Hira mein khalwat ikhtiyar karte the.
Wahi aur Makkah ke saal
Taqreeban chalees saal ki umr mein Ghar-e-Hira mein aap par pehli wahi nazil hui, jo Surah Alaq ki ibtidai ayaat thin (Quran 96:1–5). Shia Isna Ashari riwayat mein Nabuwwat ke is aaghaz (Besat) ki yaad 27 Rajab ko manai jati hai. Khadija aur Imam Ali — jo us waqt ek bachche the aur Rasool-e-Akram ke ghar mein rehte the — bilkul pehle imaan lane walon mein shamil the.
Kuchh arsa khamoshi se dawat dene ke baad aap ko hukm hua ke apne qareeb-tareen rishtedaron ko daraen (Quran 26:214). Tabari ki naql kardah riwayaat aur Shia maakhaz Banu Hashim ke ek ijtima ka zikr karte hain jis mein aap ne poochha ke kaun aap ki madad karega, aur sirf Imam Ali ne jawab diya. Elaniya dawat ke nateeje mein zulm-o-sitam shuru hua: ibtidai Musalmanon ka mazaq udaya gaya, un ka boycott kiya gaya aur unhein aziyyatein di gayin, aur ek giroh ne Habsha ki taraf hijrat ki. Banu Hashim taqreeban teen saal tak Shib-e-Abi Talib mein mehsoor rahe. Boycott khatam hone ke kuchh hi arsa baad Khadija aur Abu Talib dono wafat pa gaye — jise “Aam-ul-Huzn” (gham ka saal) kaha jata hai.
Hijrat aur Madina mein Musalman muashra
622 Eesvi mein, Yasrib ke logon ki taraf se himayat ke ahd-o-paiman ke baad, aap ne us shehar ki taraf hijrat ki jo Madinat-un-Nabi, yaani Madina, kehlaya. Hijrat ki raat Imam Ali Rasool-e-Akram ke bistar par soe taake aap Makkah se kisi ki nazar mein aaye baghair nikal saken; bohat se mufassireen Quran 2:207 ko isi amal se jorte hain. Hijrat se Islami calendar ka aaghaz hota hai.
Madina mein aap ne masjid tameer ki, Muhajireen aur Ansar ke darmiyan bhai-chare ke muahide qaim kiye — aur Imam Ali ko apna bhai banaya — aur shehar ki mukhtalif biradariyon ke liye ek tehreeri muahida tay kiya. Agle saalon mein Jang-e-Badr (2 Hijri), Jang-e-Uhud (3 Hijri) aur Jang-e-Khandaq (5 Hijri); Sulh-e-Hudaibiya (6 Hijri); Khaibar ki muhim (7 Hijri); aur 8 Hijri mein Makkah mein zyada-tar pur-aman dakhla pesh aaya, jis ke baad aap ne aam maafi ka elaan kiya aur Kaaba ko buton se paak kiya.
Jab Najran ke Isaiyon ka ek wafd munazre ke liye aaya to Quran 3:61 nazil hui, aur aap Imam Ali, Syeda Fatima, Imam Hasan aur Imam Husain ko saath le kar Mubahila ke liye nikle — yeh waqia Shia maakhaz ke saath saath Sahih Muslim mein bhi darj hai.
Hajjat-ul-Wida, Ghadeer-e-Khum aur aap ki rehlat
10 Hijri mein aap ne Hijrat ke baad apna wahid Hajj ada kiya. Wapsi ke safar mein, 18 Zil-Hajj ko Khum ke talaab (Ghadeer-e-Khum) par, aap ne qaflon ko rok liya, Imam Ali ka haath thama aur elaan kiya ke jo aap ko apna maula manta hai woh Ali ko bhi apna maula mane. Shia Isna Ashari ise Imam Ali ki bataur jaanasheen aur ummat ke rehnuma wazeh namzadgi samajhte hain.
11 Hijri ke aaghaz mein aap beemar hue aur tirsath saal ki umr mein Madina mein rehlat farma gaye — Shia Isna Ashari riwayat ke mutabiq 28 Safar ko. Imam Ali aur Ahl-e-Bait ke afraad ne aap ko ghusl diya aur aap ke ghar mein dafn kiya, jo aaj Masjid-e-Nabawi ke andar hai.
Taleemaat
Aap ke paigham ka markaz Tauheed — yaani Allah ki wahdaniyat — tha, aur is ke saath aakhirat mein jawabdehi, namaz, sadqa aur adl. Quran ke mutabiq aap tamam jahanon ke liye rehmat bana kar bheje gaye (21:107) aur aap khulq-e-azeem ke maalik hain (68:4). Aap ki taleemaat mein yateemon, ghareebon aur ghulamon ki dekh-bhaal, tijarat mein imaandari, khandan mein auraton ki izzat-o-waqar aur ilm ki talash par zor diya gaya.
Aap ne baar baar ummat ko Quran aur apne khandan ki taraf mutawajjeh kiya. Hadees-e-Saqalain ke naam se mashhoor riwayat — “do giran-qadr cheezein” — Shia aur Sunni dono majmuon mein naql hui hai.
Shia Isna Ashari aqeede aur Fiqh-e-Jafariya mein ahmiyat
Shia Isna Ashari ilm-e-kalam ke mutabiq Rasool-e-Akram (S.A.W.W.) masoom the: yaani Allah ne aap ko gunah aur ghalati dono se mehfooz rakha, wahi pohanchane mein bhi aur apne kirdar-o-amal mein bhi. Aap ki Sunnat — aap ke aqwal, afaal aur tasdeeqaat — Quran ke saath Fiqh-e-Jafariya mein qanoon ka bunyadi maakhaz hai.
Fiqh-e-Jafariya mein Sunnat sab se barh kar aap ke Ahl-e-Bait ke Aimma ke zariye hasil ki jati hai, jin ke apne aqwal ko mustanad mana jata hai kyunke woh aap hi ki taleemaat ko naql karte aur un ki wazahat karte hain. Nabuwwat aap par khatam hui; Imamat kisi nayi wahi ke baghair aap ki hidayat ko jaari rakhti hai.
Aham tareekhein
- 17 Rabi-ul-Awwal, Aam-ul-Feel (taqreeban 570 Eesvi)Makkah mein zahoor
- taqreeban 595 EesviKhadija bint Khuwailid se nikah
- 27 Rajab, taqreeban 610 EesviGhar-e-Hira mein pehli wahi (Besat)
- taqreeban 619 EesviAam-ul-Huzn (gham ka saal): Khadija aur Abu Talib ki wafat
- Rabi-ul-Awwal 1 Hijri (622 Eesvi)Madina ki taraf Hijrat
- Ramazan 2 Hijri (624 Eesvi)Jang-e-Badr
- Shawwal 3 Hijri (625 Eesvi)Jang-e-Uhud
- 5 Hijri (627 Eesvi)Jang-e-Khandaq
- Zil-Qaad 6 Hijri (628 Eesvi)Sulh-e-Hudaibiya
- 7 Hijri (628 Eesvi)Khaibar ki muhim
- Ramazan 8 Hijri (630 Eesvi)Makkah mein dakhla aur aam maafi
- 24 Zil-Hajj, 9 ya 10 HijriNajran ke Isaiyon ke saath Mubahila
- 18 Zil-Hajj 10 Hijri (632 Eesvi)Ghadeer-e-Khum mein elaan
- 28 Safar 11 Hijri (632 Eesvi)Madina mein rehlat
Riwayaat o nusoos
Aap ne farmaya ke woh ummat ke darmiyan do giran-qadr cheezein chhor kar ja rahe hain — Allah ki Kitab aur apna khandan, yaani apne Ahl-e-Bait — aur kai riwayaat mein yeh izafa hai ke yeh dono ek doosre se juda nahin honge yahan tak ke Hauz par aap ke paas pohanchein.
Hawala jaat: al-Sahih (Kitab Fazail al-Sahaba, Ali ibn Abi Talib ke fazail ka baab); al-Jami‘ (Sunan al-Tirmidhi) (Abwab al-Manaqib, Ahl-e-Bait-e-Nabi ke fazail ka baab); al-Kafi (Kitab al-Hujja)
Mukhtalif riwayaat mein alfaz mukhtalif hain; juda na hone wala jumla Tirmizi aur Shia majmuon mein milta hai.
“Jis ka main maula hoon, us ka Ali maula hai.”
Hawala jaat: al-Jami‘ (Sunan al-Tirmidhi) (Abwab al-Manaqib, Ali ke fazail); al-Musnad (mutaddid asnaad ke saath); al-Kafi (Kitab al-Hujja)
Lafz maula ke maani — aaqa, sarparast ya dost — ko Shia aur Sunni ulama mukhtalif andaz mein samajhte hain.
Allah Rasool-e-Akram se khitab farmata hai: Hum ne aap ko tamam jahanon ke liye rehmat hi bana kar bheja hai.
Hawala jaat: al-Qur’an al-Karim (21:107)
Riwayaat ehtiyat se mafhoom ki soorat mein bayan ki gayi hain, lafzi tarjume ke taur par nahin. Dekhiye: Idarti Tareeqa-e-Kaar
Mukhtalif riwayaat
- Tareekh-e-zahoor: Shia Isna Ashari riwayat, Shaikh Mufeed aur Shaikh Toosi ki pairwi mein, 17 Rabi-ul-Awwal batati hai; Kulaini aur aksar Sunni maakhaz 12 Rabi-ul-Awwal batate hain.
- Tareekh-e-rehlat: Shia Isna Ashari mein 28 Safar wasee pemane par tasleem ki jati hai (Shaikh Mufeed, Shaikh Toosi); Kulaini aur Sunni maakhaz 12 Rabi-ul-Awwal naql karte hain.
- Mukhtalif riwayaat mein Mubahila ko 9 ya 10 Hijri mein bataya gaya hai.
- Kulaini Hazrat Khadija se teen farzand batate hain — Qasim, Tayyab aur Tahir — jabke Tabrisi ke mutabiq Tayyab aur Tahir ek hi farzand Abdullah ke alqaab the.
- Baaz Shia ulama ka mauqif hai ke Zainab, Ruqayya aur Umm-e-Kulsoom Hazrat Khadija ki behen Hala ki betiyan theen jo Rasool-e-Akram ke ghar mein palin; Kulaini aur Tabrisi unhein aap ki betiyan shumar karte hain.
- Aap ke nikahon ki fehristein mukhtalif hain: Tabrisi Umm-e-Shareek ko bhi shumar karte hain aur un deegar khawateen ke naam bhi dete hain jin se nikah hua ya paigham diya gaya.
Hawala jaat
- al-Qur’an al-Karim
- al-Sira al-Nabawiyya — Ibn Hisham, Abd al-Malik (mutawaffa 218 Hijri / 833 Esvi)
- Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk — al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (mutawaffa 310 Hijri / 923 Esvi). saal 1 se 11 Hijri
- al-Kafi — al-Kulayni, Muhammad ibn Ya‘qub (mutawaffa 329 Hijri / 941 Esvi). Kitab al-Hujja, Bab Maulid-un-Nabi wa Wafatihi
- Kitab al-Irshad fi Ma‘rifat Hujaj Allah ‘ala al-‘Ibad — al-Mufid, Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Nu‘man (mutawaffa 413 Hijri / 1022 Esvi)
- I‘lam al-Wara bi-A‘lam al-Huda — al-Tabrisi, al-Fadl ibn al-Hasan (mutawaffa 548 Hijri / 1153 Esvi)
- Shi‘ite Islam — Tabataba’i, Muhammad Husayn
- The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate — Madelung, Wilferd
- I‘lam al-Wara bi-A‘lam al-Huda — al-Tabrisi, al-Fadl ibn al-Hasan (mutawaffa 548 Hijri / 1153 Esvi). Aap ki azwaj aur aulad ka baab