Works cited across the site. Page and hadith numbers are added only after verification against a named printed edition.
The Qur’an
al-Qur’an al-Karim. Verse references follow the standard Hafs ‘an ‘Asim numbering (Kufan count). English renderings on this site are the editors’ own paraphrases unless a translation is named.
Shia hadith collections and early works
al-Kulayni, Muhammad ibn Ya‘qub (d. 329 AH / 941 CE). al-Kafi. In three parts: al-Usul (including Kitab al-‘Aql wa al-Jahl, Kitab Fadl al-‘Ilm and Kitab al-Hujja), al-Furu‘ and al-Rawda. One of the Four Books (al-Kutub al-Arba‘a).
al-Saduq, Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Babawayh al-Qummi (d. 381 AH / 991 CE). Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih. One of the Four Books.
al-Saduq (d. 381 AH / 991 CE). Kamal al-Din wa Tamam al-Ni‘ma. The principal early collection on the zahoor and occultation of the twelfth Imam, including the signed rescripts (tawqi‘at).
al-Saduq (d. 381 AH / 991 CE). ‘Uyun Akhbar al-Rida. Reports concerning Imam Ali al-Rida, including the Nishapur narration and his debates in Khurasan.
al-Saduq (d. 381 AH / 991 CE). Kitab al-Tawhid.
al-Saduq (d. 381 AH / 991 CE). al-Khisal.
al-Tusi, Muhammad ibn al-Hasan (d. 460 AH / 1067 CE). Tahdhib al-Ahkam. One of the Four Books.
al-Tusi (d. 460 AH / 1067 CE). al-Istibsar fima Ukhtulifa min al-Akhbar. One of the Four Books.
al-Tusi (d. 460 AH / 1067 CE). Kitab al-Ghayba.
Ibn Shu‘ba al-Harrani, al-Hasan ibn Ali (4th c. AH / 10th c. CE). Tuhaf al-‘Uqul ‘an Al al-Rasul. Sayings and treatises of the Prophet and the Imams, transmitted largely without full chains.
al-Tabrisi, Ahmad ibn Ali (6th c. AH / 12th c. CE). al-Ihtijaj ‘ala Ahl al-Lijaj. Debates and arguments of the Prophet and the Imams; most reports are given without full chains.
al-Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir (d. 1110 AH / 1699 CE). Bihar al-Anwar. An encyclopaedic compilation; inclusion does not by itself establish authenticity.
al-Hurr al-‘Amili, Muhammad ibn al-Hasan (d. 1104 AH / 1693 CE). Tafsil Wasa’il al-Shi‘a ila Tahsil Masa’il al-Shari‘a. Legal hadith arranged by topic.
al-Sharif al-Radi, Muhammad ibn al-Husayn (d. 406 AH / 1015 CE), compiler. Nahj al-Balagha. Sermons, letters and sayings of Imam Ali. Numbering on this site follows the edition of Subhi al-Salih (Beirut, 1967); other editions number some items differently.
Supplications, ziyarat and devotional sources
Imam Ali ibn al-Husayn Zayn al-Abidin. al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya. The standard recension contains fifty-four supplications.
al-Tusi (d. 460 AH / 1067 CE). Misbah al-Mutahajjid. A major early manual of supplications and devotional acts.
Ibn Tawus, Radi al-Din Ali ibn Musa (d. 664 AH / 1266 CE). Iqbal al-A‘mal. Devotional acts arranged through the year.
Ibn Tawus, Radi al-Din Ali ibn Musa (d. 664 AH / 1266 CE). Jamal al-Usbu‘ bi-Kamal al-‘Amal al-Mashru‘. Devotional acts of the days of the week, including the ziyarat of the Ma‘sumin assigned to each day.
Ibn Qulawayh, Ja‘far ibn Muhammad (d. 368 AH / 978–9 CE). Kamil al-Ziyarat.
al-Kaf‘ami, Ibrahim ibn Ali (d. 905 AH / c. 1500 CE). al-Balad al-Amin and al-Misbah (Junnat al-Aman).
Ibn al-Mashhadi, Muhammad ibn Ja‘far (6th c. AH / 12th c. CE). al-Mazar al-Kabir.
al-Qummi, Shaykh Abbas (d. 1359 AH / 1940 CE). Mafatih al-Jinan. The most widely used modern compilation of supplications and ziyarat; recommended for full texts.
Historical and biographical sources
al-Mufid, Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Nu‘man (d. 413 AH / 1022 CE). Kitab al-Irshad fi Ma‘rifat Hujaj Allah ‘ala al-‘Ibad. The classic Twelver biography of the Imams, arranged Imam by Imam. Most dates on this site follow it unless noted.
al-Tabrisi, al-Fadl ibn al-Hasan (d. 548 AH / 1153 CE). I‘lam al-Wara bi-A‘lam al-Huda.
Ibn Shahrashub, Muhammad ibn Ali (d. 588 AH / 1192 CE). Manaqib Al Abi Talib.
Ibn Tawus (d. 664 AH / 1266 CE). al-Luhuf ‘ala Qatla al-Tufuf. A concise account of Karbala.
Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur, Ahmad (d. 280 AH / 893 CE). Balaghat al-Nisa’. Contains an early text of the sermon of Sayyida Fatima.
Ibn Hisham, Abd al-Malik (d. 218 AH / 833 CE). al-Sira al-Nabawiyya. Recension of the biography by Ibn Ishaq (d. 150 AH / 767 CE).
al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (d. 310 AH / 923 CE). Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk. Preserves the Karbala reports of Abu Mikhnaf (d. 157 AH / 774 CE). English: The History of al-Tabari, 40 vols., SUNY Press, 1985–2007.
al-Ya‘qubi, Ahmad ibn Abi Ya‘qub (d. after 292 AH / 905 CE). Tarikh al-Ya‘qubi.
al-Mas‘udi, Ali ibn al-Husayn (d. 345 AH / 956 CE). Muruj al-Dhahab wa Ma‘adin al-Jawhar.
Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, Ali ibn al-Husayn (d. 356 AH / 967 CE). Maqatil al-Talibiyyin.
Ibn A‘tham al-Kufi, Ahmad (3rd–4th c. AH). Kitab al-Futuh.
al-Khwarazmi, al-Muwaffaq ibn Ahmad (d. 568 AH / 1172 CE). Maqtal al-Husayn.
al-Qummi, al-Hasan ibn Muhammad (4th c. AH / 10th c. CE). Tarikh-i Qum. Written in Arabic in 378 AH / 988 CE; part of it survives in a Persian translation made in 805–806 AH / 1402–1404 CE.
Ibn Inaba, Jamal al-Din Ahmad ibn Ali (d. 828 AH / 1425 CE). ‘Umdat al-Talib fi Ansab Al Abi Talib. A genealogy of the descendants of Abu Talib.
Sunni hadith collections and exegesis cited
al-Bukhari, Muhammad ibn Isma‘il (d. 256 AH / 870 CE). al-Jami‘ al-Sahih.
Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj al-Naysaburi (d. 261 AH / 875 CE). al-Sahih.
al-Tirmidhi, Muhammad ibn ‘Isa (d. 279 AH / 892 CE). al-Jami‘ (Sunan al-Tirmidhi).
Ibn Majah, Muhammad ibn Yazid (d. 273 AH / 887 CE). al-Sunan.
Abu Dawud al-Sijistani (d. 275 AH / 889 CE). al-Sunan.
Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 241 AH / 855 CE). al-Musnad.
al-Hakim al-Naysaburi, Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (d. 405 AH / 1014 CE). al-Mustadrak ‘ala al-Sahihayn.
al-Wahidi, Ali ibn Ahmad (d. 468 AH / 1076 CE). Asbab al-Nuzul.
Works of Ja‘fari jurisprudence (fiqh) and legal theory (usul)
al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli, Ja‘far ibn al-Hasan (d. 676 AH / 1277 CE). Shara’i‘ al-Islam fi Masa’il al-Halal wa al-Haram.
al-‘Allama al-Hilli, al-Hasan ibn Yusuf (d. 726 AH / 1325 CE). Tadhkirat al-Fuqaha’ and Mukhtalaf al-Shi‘a.
al-Shahid al-Awwal, Muhammad ibn Makki (d. 786 AH / 1384 CE). al-Lum‘a al-Dimashqiyya.
al-Shahid al-Thani, Zayn al-Din al-‘Amili (d. 965 AH / 1558 CE). al-Rawda al-Bahiyya fi Sharh al-Lum‘a al-Dimashqiyya.
al-Ansari, Shaykh Murtada (d. 1281 AH / 1864 CE). Fara’id al-Usul (al-Rasa’il) and al-Makasib.
al-Akhund al-Khurasani, Muhammad Kazim (d. 1329 AH / 1911 CE). Kifayat al-Usul.
al-Sistani, Sayyid Ali al-Husayni. Minhaj al-Salihin. Manual of practical rulings. Cited here for the ruling that conducting a marriage contract while the Moon is in Scorpio is makruh (disliked), and for the recitation of the daily prayers.
al-Yazdi, Sayyid Muhammad Kazim (d. 1337 AH / 1919 CE). al-‘Urwa al-Wuthqa. The base text on which many modern jurists write their annotations (ta‘liqat).
Modern academic studies and translations
al-Mufid. Kitab al-Irshad: The Book of Guidance into the Lives of the Twelve Imams. Trans. I. K. A. Howard. London: Balagha Books and Muhammadi Trust, 1981.
Imam Zayn al-Abidin. The Psalms of Islam: al-Sahifat al-Kamilat al-Sajjadiyya. Trans. William C. Chittick. London: Muhammadi Trust, 1988.
Ibn Ishaq. The Life of Muhammad. Trans. A. Guillaume. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955.
Tabataba’i, Muhammad Husayn. Shi‘ite Islam. Trans. and ed. Seyyed Hossein Nasr. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1975.
Momen, Moojan. An Introduction to Shi‘i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi‘ism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.
Jafri, S. H. M.. The Origins and Early Development of Shi‘a Islam. London: Longman, 1979.
Madelung, Wilferd. The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Ayoub, Mahmoud. Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of ‘Ashura’ in Twelver Shi‘ism. The Hague: Mouton, 1978.
Lalani, Arzina R.. Early Shi‘i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir. London: I.B. Tauris, 2000.
Modarressi, Hossein. Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi‘ite Islam. Princeton: Darwin Press, 1993.
Sachedina, Abdulaziz A.. Islamic Messianism: The Idea of the Mahdi in Twelver Shi‘ism. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1981.
Hussain, Jassim M.. The Occultation of the Twelfth Imam: A Historical Background. London: Muhammadi Trust, 1982.
Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali. The Divine Guide in Early Shi‘ism. Trans. David Streight. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.
al-Husayni al-Khatib, Abd al-Zahra’. Masadir Nahj al-Balagha wa Asaniduh. A study tracing passages of Nahj al-Balagha to sources earlier than al-Sharif al-Radi.